## Comparing IUP with Other Interface Toolkits

### Why to still maintain IUP if today we have so many other popular toolkits?

This is a question we always ask to ourselves before going on for another year.

To answer that question we must first define the characteristics of the reference toolkit, list the available toolkits and compare them with the reference and with IUP.

We would like a toolkit that has:

- Portability. That provides an abstraction for Graphical User Interface in Windows, UNIX and Macintosh. Also called Cross platform and multi-platform GUI toolikit.
- Free License and Open Source. This means that we can also produce commercial applications. The pure GPL license can not be used but the LGPL can but must contain an exception stating that derived works in binary form may be distributed on the user's own terms. This is a solution that satisfies those who wish to produce GPL'ed software and also those producing proprietary software. Many libraries are distributed with this license combination.
- Small and Simple API. This is rare. Many libraries assume that an Interface toolkit is also a synonymous of a system abstraction and accumulate thousands of extra functions that are not related to User Interface. At Tecgraf we like many small libraries instead of one big library. Almost all available toolkits today are in C++ only, so C applications are excluded, also this means a hundred classes to include and understand each member function. The use of attributes makes a lot of things more elegant and simpler to understand.
- Native Look & Feel. Many toolkits draw their own controls. This gives an uniformity among systems, but also a disparity among the available applications in the same system. Native controls are also faster because they are drawn by the system. But the problem is what's "native" in UNIX? Some commercial applications in UNIX start using Motif as the "native" option. It was the official standard but because of license restrictions, before the OpenMotif event, the system became old and some good alternatives were developed, including GTK and Qt. Update: lately with the wide spread of mobile interfaces that focus in simplicity, that directly reflected in the Windows 10 appearance, with almost no decorations in the controls. So we decide to provide our own controls with a more flexible range of attributes, usually they start with IupFlat* prefix, but there are others.

### Toolkits

With these characteristics in mind we select some of the available toolkits:

Name | License | Last Update | Version | Language | Platforms | Controls | Team | Comments
--- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | ---
FOX | LGPL* | 1997-2018/02 | 1.7.64 | C++ | Win, X | own | 2 | great look, license restrictions
FLTK | LGPL* | 1998-2016/11 | 1.3.4 | C++ | Win, X, Mac | own | 6 | was from Digital Domain. Easy to learn. 1.4.x has weekly snapshots but no stable yet
GTK+ | LGPL* | 1997-2018/04 | 3.22 | C | Win, X, Mac | own | 11 | target for X-Windows, basis of GNOME, Windows and Mac are secondary
Qt | LGPL | 1994-2018/05 | 5.11 | C++ | Win, X, Mac | own | (many) | Is free for Non Commercial, a dual-licensing model, basis of KDE, Emulates the native look and feel
wxWidgets | LGPL* | 1992-2018/02 | 3.1.1 | C++ | Win, X, Mac | native/own | 6 | X can use Motif or GTK, has many contributors
IUP | MIT | 1994-2018/05 | 3.25 | C | Win, X, Mac | native/own | 2 | X can use Motif or GTK, Mac using X

Table Last Update: August 2018

More toolkits can be found here: The GUI Toolkit, Framework Page and List of widget toolkits.
An interesting article can be found here: Bad UI of the Week: The Cross-Platform User Interface.

### Discussion

FOX has a great look but the license can be restrictive in some cases.

FLTK promises a new version with a better look and new features, but there are no concrete release dates. The FLTK documentation also does not help.

GTK+ can be used as a replacement for Motif, but not as a fully "portable" toolkit since it is was originally target for X-Windows. Nowadays GTK+ is a great free C toolkit. But some predefined dialogs could be the native ones, like the File Selection, specially in Windows. The Windows port has a look and feel very similar to the Windows native look and feel, but it is different from a native application. A MacOS X port without using X-Windows is on the way, but very slowly. Unfortunately the Windows port has been orphan for some time and there is no release of new binaries for a while.

wxWidgets is an excellent choice because of the native controls and its portability.

Qt had several license limitations, but since mid 2009 a new license model take place and it became more attractive. It is a very stable and powerful toolkit. Nowadays in terms of professional development Qt is the most prominent one.

It is hard to compare IUP with wxWidgets and Qt since they are much more than an User Interface Toolkit. They are complete development platforms that include several secondary libraries not related to User Interface. In IUP we focus only in Graphical User Interface. Also both have a heavy C++ APIs with some very complex constructions that may be more difficult to understand.

### Developing IUP

IUP has a C API, only has functions for Graphical User Interface, and uses "Native Controls" in Windows, Motif and GTK+. These are the major differences between IUP and other toolkits. Because of that IUP is small, fast and very powerful.

We have a small but very active team and we have many Tecgraf and foreign applications that today use IUP, collaborating for its evolution. Our objective is to surpass the Tecgraf needs, keeping backward compatibility and improving the internal code.

IUP does not have a wide localization feature, internally it only includes support for messages in English, Spanish and Portuguese. But is can be expanded.

Why Not Mac? The first Mac driver was developed for MacOS 9 and had several memory limitations so it was abandoned. With Mac OS X we have the opportunity to do something better. Today IUP runs on Mac OS X using X11 with Motif or GTK. We plan for the future to build a native driver, but it is not a Tecgraf priority.

Why Still Motif? Motif is very important for non Linux systems, some Tecgraf applications run on old AIX, SGI and Sun systems, that only have Motif installed and we can not force the installation of other toolkits like GTK. Update: we don't test or build the Motif version in a couple of years.

.. "Make it Reusable, Make it Simple, Make it Small" ...