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Static typing
When type safety is enforced at compile type (though some tests, such as for typecasting, may be done at runtime).
Benefits
Detects a large an important class of errors (type errors) at compile time; enables advanced optimisations and efficient memory use.
Drawbacks
Type system may become either overly complicated or overly restrictive; doesn't help with non-type errors; makes dynamic loading of code somewhat more complicated; type declarations may be cumbersome if the language lacks type inference.
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