Wiki

###This Wiki how to extend standard / (root) partition in Ubuntu Linux. Which is Non-LVM Partition###

Requirement

One Working Linux BOX. In My scenario, I am using Centos6.8 Final release
My Current Partition details are as follow

#!php

[root@cent ~]# df -h
Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2        15G  1.4G   13G  10% /
tmpfs           372M     0  372M   0% /dev/shm

#!php

[root@cent ~]# fdisk -l

Disk /dev/sda: 17.2 GB, 17179869184 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2088 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00046e53

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1               1         128     1024000   82  Linux swap / Solaris
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2   *         128        2089    15752192   83  Linux
[root@cent ~]# df -T
Filesystem     Type  1K-blocks    Used Available Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2      ext4   15373716 1369360  13216748  10% /
tmpfs          tmpfs    379988       0    379988   0% /dev/shm
[root@cent ~]#

Now Extend HDD Size As per your Requirement

Current Virtual HDD is 16G.

Extended size 4G more Now Virtual HDD Total size is 20G

Virtual HDD has been extended from VMWare properties, Lets check partition size and Virtual HDD size to verify is it extended or not.

Lest perform action to extend partition, We will use fdisk utility

#!php

[root@cent ~]# fdisk -l                                                             ## fdisk utility 

Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00046e53

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1               1         128     1024000   82  Linux swap / Solaris
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2   *         128        2089    15752192   83  Linux
[root@cent ~]# fdisk /dev/sda                                                       ## Select HDD to perform action

WARNING: DOS-compatible mode is deprecated. It's strongly recommended to
         switch off the mode (command 'c') and change display units to
         sectors (command 'u').

Command (m for help): p                                                             ##  P command to list current partition 

Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00046e53

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1               1         128     1024000   82  Linux swap / Solaris
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2   *         128        2089    15752192   83  Linux

Command (m for help): d                                                         ## d command to delete partition in this case we will delete partition number 2, 
                                                                                ## make sure not write partition before get process complete.
Partition number (1-4): 2

Command (m for help): n                                                         ## n to create new partition            
Command action
   e   extended
   p   primary partition (1-4)
p
Partition number (1-4): 2                                                       ## Create same partition and give same number
First cylinder (128-2610, default 128):
Using default value 128
Last cylinder, +cylinders or +size{K,M,G} (128-2610, default 2610): 2610

Command (m for help): p                                                         ## Again list partition 

Disk /dev/sda: 21.5 GB, 21474836480 bytes
255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 2610 cylinders
Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk identifier: 0x00046e53

   Device Boot      Start         End      Blocks   Id  System
/dev/sda1               1         128     1024000   82  Linux swap / Solaris
Partition 1 does not end on cylinder boundary.
/dev/sda2             128        2610    19939801   83  Linux

Command (m for help): w                                                         ## w command to write change       
The partition table has been altered!

Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.

WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.
[root@cent ~]#

Restart PC to make sure reread partition table

*Now resize partition using resize2fs command

#!php

[root@cent ~]# resize2fs /dev/sda2
resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010)
Filesystem at /dev/sda2 is mounted on /; on-line resizing required
old desc_blocks = 1, new_desc_blocks = 2
Performing an on-line resize of /dev/sda2 to 4984950 (4k) blocks.
The filesystem on /dev/sda2 is now 4984950 blocks long.

[root@cent ~]#

Now run df -h command to check extended partiton size

#!php

[root@cent ~]# df -h
Filesystem      Size  Used Avail Use% Mounted on
/dev/sda2        19G  1.4G   17G   8% /
tmpfs           372M     0  372M   0% /dev/shm
[root@cent ~]#

Now partition has been extended, New size is lested below.

Wiki

Linux / How-To-Extend-Non-LVM-Partition-Linux

That's all

Cheers