Update Checkstyle rules

Following the discussions on our mailing list and in the comments of issue ~~#86~~, we should adjust some of the rules:

Right Curly Placement: change to "same line" (more compact space for many else ifs when it is on the same line)
Missing Switch Default: disable (in our case usually the default case is to do nothing, which would lead to many empty default statements)
Visibility Modifier: check "protectedAllowed" (it's a big debate about strict encapsulation, but a compromise between encapsulation and cleaner/less code can be achieved if we allow it. Regardless, protected fields need to have a javadoc comment, which helps "users" to see their intention).

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